IP UPDATE
Exploring the latest in intellectual property law
IP UPDATE
Exploring the latest in intellectual property law
United States Patent and Trademark Office/USPTO
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How ex parte is ex parte reexam?

by | Apr 16, 2026 |

Under a new procedure, announced in an Official Gazette Notice dated April 1, 2026, patent owners may now provide input before the United States Patent and Trademark Office decides whether to initiate an ex parte reexamination proceeding. Previously, while patent owners could participate after reexamination was ordered, they had no opportunity to submit arguments before the Office determined whether a request raised a substantial new question of patentability (SNQ). Under the new policy, patent owners may submit a limited pre-order paper to inform that threshold determination.

Ex parte reexamination is an administrative mechanism that allows third parties to challenge patent validity outside of court. Unlike inter partes review and post-grant review – both adjudicated by Patent Trial and Appeal Board judges – ex parte reexaminations are handled by the Central Reexamination Unit and initiation there turns on whether or not the request raises an SNQ.

The new procedure introduces an optional patent owner pre-order paper that must be filed within 30 days of service of the reexam request, with no extensions available. The submission is limited to 30 pages and must focus on why the cited prior art does not raise an SNQ. Supporting declarations are permitted and do not count toward the page limit, but incorporation by reference is not allowed.

The notice also places important limits on the scope of these submissions. The patent owner’s paper must be directed only to the issues raised in the request and should not address matters outside that scope. For example, the Office indicates that arguments regarding discretionary denial under 35 U.S.C. § 325(d) are not part of the SNQ determination and therefore should not be included.

Requesters have limited ability to respond to a patent owner’s pre-order paper. While responses are not ordinarily permitted, a requester may petition to file a reply (limited to 10 pages). Any such reply must be filed within 15 days of service of the patent owner’s paper and requires payment of a fee.

These changes may shift the dynamics of ex parte reexamination practice. Historically, institution decisions were made based solely on the requester’s submission. The new procedure allows patent owners to present arguments earlier in the process, potentially assisting the Office in evaluating whether the request satisfies the SNQ standard before ordering reexamination.

For challengers, this change increases the importance of the initial request. Requests should be drafted with the expectation that the patent owner may respond before institution and that opportunities to reply will be limited.



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Picture this: AI enhancements to trademark search and examination

by | Apr 16, 2026 |

The United States Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO) has announced several new artificial intelligence (AI) enhancements to its trademark search system and to the Trademark Center, continuing its broader effort to modernize trademark examination and improve both searchability and application quality.

One of the most notable updates is a new beta image-search capability within the USPTO’s trademark search system. This feature allows users to upload an image to identify similar marks with related design elements, functioning in a manner comparable to reverse image search tools available on commercial platforms. By enabling users to search for visually similar marks more intuitively, the tool may enhance clearance efforts, particularly for design marks that can be difficult to capture through traditional keyword-based searching.

The USPTO also announced that, beginning April 23, the Trademark Center will include a mark description and color claim generator. This feature is intended to assist applicants in drafting accurate and complete mark descriptions and color claims, which are often a source of inconsistency and procedural deficiency in trademark applications. By reducing guesswork and standardizing how such information is presented, the generator may help minimize office actions and improve overall application quality.

In addition to front-end user tools, the USPTO highlighted its Trademark Classification Agentic Codification Tool (Class ACT), an AI-driven system designed to automate certain back-end classification and coding functions. Class ACT assigns international classes to applications and generates design search codes and pseudo marks that make trademark records more easily searchable. Historically, these classification and coding steps could take months to complete, delaying examination and limiting searchability in the interim. The USPTO reports that Class ACT can perform these functions almost immediately, while still subject to human review to ensure accuracy and consistency.

Taken together, these developments reflect a continued shift toward integrating AI into both applicant facing and internal aspects of trademark prosecution. By accelerating classification, expanding search functionality, and assisting with application drafting, the USPTO seeks to streamline workflows while maintaining examiner oversight.

Practice note: Trademark applicants and practitioners may wish to incorporate the tools discussed above into clearance and filing strategies, particularly for design marks and applications involving complex descriptions or color claims. At the same time, AI generated results may surface a broader range of potentially relevant marks and classifications, underscoring the need for careful professional review. These tools are best viewed as supplements to – not substitutes for – informed legal analysis and strategic judgment.



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Ticket to ride: USPTO requires counsel for foreign patent applicants

by | Apr 2, 2026 |

The United States Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO) adopted a final rule requiring foreign-domiciled patent applicants and patent owners to be represented by a registered US patent practitioner, signaling a meaningful procedural shift aimed at harmonization, efficiency, compliance, and fraud prevention. 91 Fed. Reg. 13510 (Mar. 20, 2026).

The USPTO explained that the rule is intended primarily to address recurring compliance and fraud concerns, such as false or improper certifications, including micro entity certifications, and other filings that misrepresent eligibility for fee reductions or expedited treatment. Because registered US practitioners are subject to the USPTO’s Rules of Professional Conduct and disciplinary authority, the agency views mandatory representation as a more reliable accountability mechanism.

The USPTO also cited practical administrative considerations, indicating that foreign pro se filings are more likely to be procedurally deficient and therefore consume disproportionate examination and processing resources, particularly when application papers are not in condition for publication or examination upon receipt.

The final rule clarifies how the requirement will operate in practice. While a foreign domiciled applicant may still obtain a filing date without a practitioner’s signature, any subsequent papers will not be entered unless signed by a registered US patent practitioner. This includes application data sheets, micro entity certifications, petitions, amendments, and other key prosecution documents. In some circumstances, the consequences for noncompliance may be significant. For example, if an unsigned application data sheet is treated merely as a transmittal letter, inventorship, priority, or benefit claims may not be properly established at filing, necessitating corrective petitions and additional cost. Likewise, requests that must be made at filing, such as nonpublication or prioritized examination requests, may be forfeited if not properly signed.

The USPTO emphasized that the rule is procedural rather than substantive. It does not alter the standards of patentability or the requirements for securing a filing date. The rule applies to all filings received on or after its effective date, regardless of the application’s effective filing date. The USPTO also noted that an applicant that believes it has been incorrectly designated as foreign domiciled may respond to that determination even before retaining counsel, although conclusory or unsupported assertions are unlikely to succeed.

Practice note: Foreign applicants and patent owners should now assume that US practitioner involvement is essential to preserve rights and avoid preventable procedural defects.



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Virtually displayed: USPTO updates guidance for computer-generated interfaces and icons

by | Mar 26, 2026 |

To address evolving digital technologies, the United States Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO) issued supplemental guidance for examining design patent applications directed to computer-generated interfaces and icons. The guidance expands flexibility for applicants – particularly in projection, hologram, and virtual and augmented reality (PHVAR) contexts – while maintaining the statutory requirement that claimed designs be tied to an article of manufacture.

The USPTO first sought public input in 2020 on how the “article of manufacture” requirement under 35 U.S.C. § 171 should apply to emerging digital designs. Although many commenters urged recognition of PHVAR designs, subsequent guidance issued by the USPTO in 2023 did not fully address those technologies. The latest supplemental guidance responds to continued stakeholder feedback, particularly regarding the limitations imposed by prior drawing requirements.

Traditionally, applicants seeking protection for computer-generated icons or graphical user interfaces (GUIs) were required to depict a physical article of manufacture, such as a display screen, in solid or broken lines in the drawings. This requirement ensured that the claimed design was not merely a “transient or disembodied” image but was instead tied to a statutory article of manufacture.

The updated guidance removes the requirement that drawings depict a display panel or other physical article, provided that the title and claim clearly identify the relevant article of manufacture (e.g., a computer, computer display, or computer system). In such cases, the article need not appear in the drawings, so long as the application, taken as a whole, makes it clear that the claimed design is “for” an article of manufacture and not merely an abstract or disembodied image. For example, phrases such as “interface for a computer system” or “icon for a display panel” are sufficient to establish that the design is tied to a qualifying article.

The USPTO reiterated that the guidance “does not constitute substantive rulemaking and hence does not have the force and effect of law.” Examiners will continue to evaluate applications under all applicable patentability provisions, including §§ 102, 103, and 112.

Overall, the updated guidance provides applicants with greater flexibility in claiming and depicting computer-generated designs while reaffirming that such designs must remain tied to a qualifying article of manufacture.



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USPTO signals new emphasis on US manufacturing in IPR and PGR institution decisions

by | Mar 19, 2026 |

The United States Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO) issued a Memorandum on March 11, 2026, signaling that the Patent Trial & Appeal Board may place increased weight on domestic manufacturing activity and the interests of small businesses when deciding whether to institute inter partes review (IPR) or post grant review (PGR).

The America Invents Act (AIA) established IPR and PGR proceedings as mechanisms for challenging the validity of issued patents before the Board. In establishing the framework for institution decisions, the statute directs the USPTO Director to consider broader policy concerns, including the impact on the US economy, the integrity of the patent system, and the efficient administration of the USPTO.

The Memorandum highlights concerns regarding the decline of US manufacturing, particularly in the electronics and computer sectors. Citing government studies, the USPTO notes that the offshoring of key industries has contributed to economic and national security vulnerabilities. According to the USPTO, these developments bear directly on the Director’s statutory obligation to consider the economic effects of Board institution decisions.

While some stakeholders contend that IPR and PGR proceedings protect US manufacturers and small businesses from weak patents, the USPTO observed that many of the most frequent petitioners are large companies that report little domestic manufacturing activity and have not made meaningful investments in US production. According to the Memorandum, this data prompted the USPTO to question whether the current discretionary institution framework adequately accounts for the interests of companies that do invest in domestic manufacturing.

As a result, the USPTO announced that certain factors related to US manufacturing and small businesses may now inform discretionary institution determinations. The USPTO encourages parties to address these considerations explicitly in their discretionary briefing.

When evaluating whether to institute an IPR or PGR, the Director may consider:

  • Whether the products accused of infringement in parallel litigation are manufactured in the United States or tied to domestic manufacturing investments.
  • Whether the patent owner produces competing products in the US.
  • Whether the petitioner qualifies as a small business that has been sued for patent infringement.

The Memorandum clarifies that manufacturing considerations are not limited to final assembly but may also encompass the production of components and situations in which products manufactured domestically are later processed abroad. For method claims, the relevant product for this analysis will be the device used to perform the claimed method.

These considerations apply to all to all IPRs and PGRs in which the due date for a patent owner discretionary brief has not yet elapsed.



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USPTO Director IPR institution discretion survives APA challenge

by | Feb 26, 2026 |

The US Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit concluded that the United States Patent and Trademark Office’s (USPTO) framework for discretionary denials of inter partes review (IPR) is a general statement of policy, not a substantive rule, and therefore is exempt from the Administrative Procedure Act’s notice‑and‑comment requirements.

The USPTO Director issued a trio of related instructions to the Patent Trial & Appeal Board for its exercise of delegated non-institution authority, addressing the common situation where the IPR petitioner and the patent owner are already involved in a district court litigation over the patent at issue. Two of the instructions were in the form of precedential Board decisions, which set forth six exclusive factors, weighing in favor or against institution, that the Board must assess. These instructions are generally referred to as the NHK-Fintiv instructions that, as Board precedent, bind only the Board and not the USPTO Director.

Several IPR petitioners argued that the Director’s instructions to the Board effectively bind the USPTO as an agency and thus should have been promulgated through formal rulemaking.

The Federal Circuit disagreed, emphasizing that institution decisions rest ultimately with the USPTO Director. The Court explained that while the NHK-Fintiv framework provides guidance on how that discretionary authority may be exercised, the Director retains the ability to depart from the framework in any given case. To that end, the guidance does not carry the force and effect of law and does not impose legally binding obligations on the agency or the public.

Practice note: The decision reinforces the Federal Circuit’s post‑Arthrex theme that the Director enjoys broad and largely unreviewable discretion at the IPR institution stage.



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USPTO elevates precedential and informative decisions on discretionary institution in IPR/PGR

by | Jan 22, 2026 |

The United States Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO) designated four decisions as precedential and nine decisions as informative, all highlighting the factors the USPTO will consider in determining whether to deny a petition for inter partes review (IPR) or post-grant review (PGR) based on discretionary considerations.

Although the individual outcomes differ among the four precedential decisions (two granting institution and two denying), the decisions provide insight on how the USPTO will exercise its discretion to institute and deny America Invents Act (AIA) trials based on timing, copycat petitions and joinder, sequential petitions, and policy preference for PGR availability. The USPTO designated the following decisions precedential:

The USPTO designated the following decisions as informative, illustrating the types of factual scenarios that may support either discretionary denial of a petition or, conversely, a decision to consider the petition on the merits.

Together, these informative decisions provide concrete, real‑world examples of how the Director is likely to applies discretion under 35 USC §§ 314(a) and 324(a), ranging from circumstances where institution is disfavored (e.g., parallel litigation dynamics, petition quality, procedural posture) to situations where the USPTO [...]

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USPTO launches SEP Working Group aimed at strengthening patent enforcement

by | Jan 15, 2026 |

The United States Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO) announced the formation of the Standard-Essential Patent (SEP) Working Group, which will report directly to USPTO Director John A. Squires. The initiative aims to examine policy issues related to patents incorporated into technical standards and provide guidance on enforcement and licensing practices.

Background

Technical standards underpin many modern technologies, including telecommunications, automotive systems, and artificial intelligence. These standards often include patented technologies, which represent significant investment by inventors. Concerns have emerged about the predictability of remedies and the treatment of patent holders within the SEP ecosystem.

Historically, injunctions in SEP disputes have been difficult to obtain in the United States because SEP patents are typically subject to fair, reasonable, and non-discriminatory (FRAND) commitments. FRAND obligations are intended to ensure broad access to standardized technologies, but they often create uncertainty around enforcement and limit the availability of injunctive relief. This tension has led to debates over whether SEP holders can effectively prevent infringement when licensing negotiations fail.

Recent USPTO actions

The USPTO’s announcement follows its recent involvement in cases addressing patent remedies, in which the USPTO argued that injunctions should be available for SEP patents. In Radian Memory Systems v. Samsung Electronics, the USPTO filed a statement emphasizing the role of injunctions in protecting patent rights. Similarly, in an International Trade Commission investigation involving dynamic random-access memory (DRAM) devices, the USPTO commented on the public interest in enforcing valid patents. Both of these cases involved the assertion of SEP patents.

Objectives of the SEP Working Group

The working group will focus on three areas:

  1. Clarifying enforcement standards: Reviewing approaches to ensure strong and predictable remedies for SEP holders.
  2. Encouraging broader participation: Exploring ways to enable small and medium-sized enterprises to engage in standards development.
  3. Stakeholder engagement and transparency: Creating dialogue with patent holders, implementers, and standards organizations to identify challenges and develop resources for licensing predictability.

USPTO Deputy General Counsel Nicholas Matich and Senior Legal Advisor Austin Mayron will co-chair the working group. The group will seek input from stakeholders across the innovation ecosystem.

Next steps

The USPTO intends for this initiative to formalize its recent policy efforts and provide a structured approach to SEP-related issues. Stakeholders are encouraged to participate in discussions as the group begins its work.



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IPR estoppel doesn’t extend to ongoing ex parte reexamination

by | Dec 11, 2025 |

The US Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit affirmed a decision by the Patent Trial & Appeal Board, concluding that inter partes review (IPR) estoppel under 35 U.S.C. § 315(e)(1) does not apply to ongoing ex parte reexamination proceedings and that the Board may retain jurisdiction over a patent even after its expiration. In re Gesture Tech. Partners, LLC, Case No. 25-1075 (Fed. Cir. Dec. 1, 2025) (Lourie, Bryson, Chen, JJ.)

Gesture Technology owns a patent covering methods and apparatus for rapid TV camera and computer-based sensing of objects and human input for applications such as handheld devices, automotive systems, and video games. Samsung requested ex parte reexamination, which the United States Patent & Trademark Office (USPTO) granted.

While the ex parte reexamination was pending, Unified Patents, an organization that includes Samsung as a member, filed two IPR petitions. After the Board issued a final written decisions on the IPRs, Gesture Technology petitioned to terminate the ex parte reexamination, asserting that Samsung was estopped under 35 U.S.C. §315(e)(1) from “maintain[ing] a proceeding” at the USPTO challenging the patent on grounds it could have raised in the IPRs. The USPTO denied the petition, concluding that the estoppel provision does not apply to continuing ex parte reexamination proceedings.

Gesture Technology appealed both IPR final written decisions where the Board invalidated all but two claims. In the ex parte reexamination, the examiner rejected the two remaining claims as anticipated by Liebermann, a patent directed to an electronic communication system designed for deaf individuals that enables real-time interaction using sign language and speech translation. The Board affirmed. Gesture Technology appealed.

Gesture Technology argued that:

  • Estoppel under 35 U.S.C. §315(e)(1) should bar the reexamination because Samsung had previously participated in an IPR.
  • The Board had no jurisdiction because the patent expired.
  • The Board erred in finding anticipation based on Liebermann.

The Federal Circuit rejected Gesture Technology’s estoppel argument, explaining that § 315(e)(1) applies to an IPR “petitioner” maintaining a proceeding before the USPTO. In contrast, under 35 U.S.C. § 305, the USPTO – not the requester – maintains an ex parte reexamination. Thus, estoppel does not bar ongoing ex parte reexamination proceedings.

Gesture Technology argued that Liebermann did not correlate information with a function of the apparatus because its sending function was always selected. The Federal Circuit disagreed, finding substantial evidence that Liebermann disclosed a transmitter/receiver device with a camera performing initial image processing and transmitting processed data. Liebermann’s description of reducing images to pertinent data and sending that data to a processing center supported the conclusion that its device correlated image information with a transmission function, satisfying the claim limitations.

Finally, the Federal Circuit concluded that the Board retains jurisdiction over ex parte reexaminations even after patent expiration. Patent owners maintain rights such as the ability to sue for past damages, creating a live case or controversy that an ex parte reexamination can resolve.

Practice note: Ex parte reexamination remains a viable tool for challengers even after an IPR concludes because estoppel [...]

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Precedential shift: USPTO clarifies patentability of AI training methods

by | Nov 20, 2025 |

On November 4, 2025, the Director of the United States Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO) designated as precedential an appeals review panel (ARP) decision vacating the Patent Trial & Appeal Board’s § 101 rejection of claims directed to training machine learning models. Ex parte Desjardins, Appeal No. 24-000567 (ARP Sept. 26, 2025) (precedential).

The Board had previously concluded that claims covering continual learning techniques (such as adjusting model parameters to maintain performance across sequential tasks) were directed to an unpatentable abstract idea. The ARP, which included the USPTO Director, reversed that determination, holding that the claims integrated the abstract concept into a practical application by improving the functioning of machine learning models themselves. However, the ARP still rejected the claims under § 103 for obviousness.

Key takeaways

  • Technical improvements matter. Artificial intelligence (AI)-related inventions can satisfy Alice Step 2A when they demonstrate technical improvements, such as mitigating catastrophic forgetting and reducing storage complexity.
  • No blanket exclusion. The opinion cautions against categorically excluding AI innovations under § 101 and emphasizes that §§ 102, 103, and 112 remain the proper tools for assessing patent scope.
  • Precedential impact. The decision signals the USPTO’s commitment to aligning examination practices with US Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit precedent while fostering innovation in AI and machine learning.

Practice note: For applicants, this precedential designation underscores the importance of framing AI-related claims around specific technical improvements rather than abstract concepts, which can be pivotal in overcoming § 101 challenges.



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